1. Explain the context in which nationalistic and imperialistic sentiments developed in Europe from 1815 to 1914.
   1. European states struggled to maintain international stability in an age of nationalism and revolutions.
      1. The breakdown of the Concert of Europe opened the door for movements of national unification in Italy and Germany as well as liberal reforms elsewhere.
      2. The unification of Italy and Germany transformed the European balance of power and led to efforts to construct a new diplomatic order.
   2. A variety of motives and methods led to the intensification of European global control andincreased tensions among the Great Powers.
      1. Industrial and technological developments (e.g., the second industrial revolution) facilitated European control of global empires.
   3. European ideas and culture expressed a tension between objectivity and scientific realism on one hand, and subjectivity and individual expression on the other.
      1. Following the revolutions of 1848, Europe turned toward a realist and materialist worldview.
2. Explain the motivations that led to European imperialism in the period from 1815 to 1914.
   1. European nations were driven by economic, political, and cultural motivations in their new imperial ventures in Asia and Africa.
      1. European national rivalries and strategic concerns fostered imperial expansion and competition for colonies.
      2. The search for raw materials and markets for manufactured goods, as well as strategic and nationalistic considerations, drove Europeans to colonize Africa and Asia, even as European colonies in the Americas broke free politically, if not economically.
      3. European imperialists justified overseas expansion and rule by claiming cultural and racial superiority.
3. Explain how science and other intellectual disciplines developed and changed throughout the period from 1815 to 1914.
   1. Positivism, or the philosophy that science alone provides knowledge, emphasized the rational and scientific analysis of nature and human affairs.
   2. In the later 19th century, a new relativism in values and the loss of confidence in the objectivity of knowledge led to modernism in intellectual and cultural life.
      1. Philosophy largely moved from rational interpretations of nature and human society to an emphasis on irrationality and impulse, a view that contributed to the belief that con ict and struggle led to progress.
         • Illustrative Examples of Philosophers who emphasized the irrational: Friedrich Nietzsche, Georges Sorel, Henri Bergson
      2. Freudian psychology offered a new account of human nature that emphasized the role of the irrational and the struggle between the conscious and subconscious.
      3. Developments in the natural sciences, such as quantum mechanics and Einstein’s theory of relativity, undermined the primacy of Newtonian physics as an objective description of nature.
         • Illustrative Examples of Scientists who undermined Newtonian physics: Max Planck
4. Explain how European imperialism affected both European and non- European societies.
   1. Imperial endeavors significantly affected society, diplomacy, and culture in Europe and created resistance to foreign control abroad.
      1. Imperialism created diplomatic tensions among European states that strained alliance systems.
         • Illustrative Examples of Diplomatic tensions:
      2. Imperial encounters with non-European peoples influenced the styles and subject matter of artists and writers and provoked debate over the acquisition of colonies.
         • Illustrative Examples of Participants in the imperialism debate:: Pan-German League, J. A. Hobson s and Vladimir Lenin s anti-imperialism, Congo Reform Association
      3. Especially as non-Europeans became educated in Western values, they challenged European imperialism through nationalist movements and by modernizing local economies and societies.
         • Illustrative Examples of Responses to European imperialism: Indian Congress Party, Zulu Resistance, India s Sepoy Mutiny, China s Boxer Rebellion, Japan s Meiji Restoration
5. Explain the continuities and changes in European artistic expression from 1815 to 1914.
   1. Realist and materialist themes and attitudes in uenced art and literature as painters and writers depicted the lives of ordinary people and drew attention to social problems.
   2. Modern art, including Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and Cubism, moved beyond the representational to the subjective, abstract, and expressive and often provoked audiences that believed that art should re ect shared and idealized values, including beauty and patriotism.
      • Illustrative Examples of Realist artists and authors: Honoré de Balzac, Honoré Daumier, Charles Dickens, George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans), Gustave Courbet, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Jean-François Millet, Leo Tolstoy, Émile Zola, Thomas Hardy
      • Illustrative Examples of Modern artists: Claude Monet, Paul Cézanne, Henri Matisse, Edgar Degas, Pablo Picasso, Vincent Van Gogh
6. Explain how the events of the first half of the 20th century challenged existing social, cultural, and intellectual understandings.
   1. The widely held belief in progress characteristic of much of 19th-century thought began to break down before World War I.

Chapter 24 Introduction
Chapter 24 Summary
Chapter 24 Glossary
Chapter 24 Reading Guide
Chapter 24 Outline
Chapter 24 Overview
Chapter 24 Old-Style M-C Test: Questions Answers
Chapter 24 Scan